Greenland shark emerges as longest living vertebrates

NEW DELHI: Greenland shark has clocked in as the world's longest living vertebrate with the scientists estimating its life expectancy at 272 years. While the Greenland shark is among the world's largest carnivore sharks, with adults reaching more than five metres in length, the animal's general biology is 'poorly understood' by the scientists. The longevity of the Greenland shark has been a particular mystery for the

marine biologists for decades. Traditionally, the age of sharks and rays is determined by counting the seasonally deposited growth layers in hard calcified structures such as fin spines. Such techniques, however, cannot be applied to the Greenland shark because it lacks such 'hard' structures.

"Greenland sharks are among the largest carnivorous sharks on the planet, and their role as an apex predator in the Arctic ecosystem is highly overlooked. They accidentally end up as by-catch across the North Atlantic. We are hopeful that our studies would help bring a greater focus on the Greenland shark in the future," said the paper's lead author Julius Nielsen, of the University of Copenhagen and Greenland Institute of Natural Resources.

The study was led by the University of Copenhagen in collaboration with the scientists from the University of Oxford, UiT the Arctic University of Norway and Aarhus University. The findings are published in latest issue of the journal, Science.

The research team analysed the eye lens nucleus of 28 female sharks sampled as accidental by-catch during the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources' annual fish and shrimp surveys. They found that the centre of the shark's eye lens nucleus is composed of metabolically inactive tissue which does not change significantly from the time of their birth. Therefore, the paper explains, its chemical composition can be used to reveal the age of the shark. The researchers measured radiocarbon content of the lenses from which they could estimate age by matching and calibrating the data using chronologies and calibration curves representing temporal radiocarbon changes in the marine food web in the northern North Atlantic over the past 500 years. Study co-author Christopher Bronk Ramsey, Professor of Archaeological Science at the University of Oxford and an expert in radiocarbon dating worked on the statistical aspect of the study. "We had to take into account the complexity of the oceans and the growth patterns of the sharks while interpreting the data," he explains. "It would not have been possible to demonstrate the extraordinary longevity of this species, without the advances in statistical analysis made in the recent years."

Scientists have used the tissues from the eye lens nucleus in previous research to estimate the age of whales, but this is the first time that scientists have applied a radiocarbon approach on eye lenses to date the longevity of a fish. The paper notes that another age indicator already reported is the slow growth of the Greenland shark that shows bodily incremental lengthening of no more than 1cm a year. The great size and expected slow growth of the Greenland shark supports the team's dating evidence. The researchers find that the estimated life span of a fully grown Greenland shark female over five metres in length is at least 272 years. Moreover, they estimate that females are around 156 years old when they arrive at sexual maturity.